The Racist History of American Medicine
People of color have endured centuries of abuse in the name of American medicine. In fact, many of our most historic scientific breakthroughs have come only after appalling experiments carried out on black and Latinx people. So maybe it’s time we stopped blindly celebrating the people responsible for this legacy of medical racism and started honestly confronting our past.
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
- 
        
        
            
 
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
        