Iran Doesn’t Have Nuclear Weapons Yet. Israel Might Push Them Closer.
Photo by Kaveh Kazemi/Getty Images
In July 2020, an explosion damaged a facility at Iran’s main nuclear enrichment facility at Natanz. Iran called it an act of “sabotage,” and it was probably right: Middle East intelligence officials told reporters that Israeli operatives planted the bomb to send a “signal to Tehran.”
This kind of sabotage – a mysterious explosion here, the assassination of a nuclear scientist there – is how Israel has gone after Iran’s nuclear program. It was one side of a shadow war that wasn’t exactly in the shadows, but it did offer a degree of plausible deniability: Israel would conduct these covert operations, and Iran waged a proxy war against Israel and its allies in the region. But Israel’s hot war in the Middle East over the past year has pushed Israel and Iran into direct confrontation – and now raises the possibility of Israel pursuing a much more unambiguous and provocative attack on Iran’s nuclear facilities.
Such a strike risks seriously escalating the war between Israel and Iran, potentially pulling the United States fully in. And a targeted attack on Iran’s nuclear facilities may achieve the opposite of what Israel, and the U.S., says it wants: potentially pushing Iran closer to the bomb.
Israel is currently reassuring the United States that it will not strike Iran’s nuclear facilities or oil installations as it plans its retaliation against Iran for its October 1 missile barrage on Israeli territory. Iran fired nearly 200 ballistic missiles at Israeli military installations over Israel expanding its war in Lebanon against Hezbollah — Iran’s most important proxy militia — and killing its leader, Hassan Nasrallah. It was an aggressive response by Tehran, and the largest attack on Israeli territory since April, when hostilities between Iran and Israel spilled out into the open.
The U.S. fears any attack on sensitive nuclear or energy infrastructure might further inflame Iran, leading to an escalatory and unpredictable spiral. Israel has said it is eyeing military targets, but exactly what that means is murky, and not exactly a guarantee of restraint – or a guarantee that Iran will temper its response. Leaked intelligence documents posted on a Telegram channel over the weekend suggested Israel is readying long-range systems, but didn’t include details on specific targets. The U.S. deployed 100 troops to Israel and a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system (THAAD) to defend against a potentially strong Iranian response. Israel has reportedly asked the U.S. if it would be cool if it could have one more of a limited number of THAADs, despite the potential strains it would place on the U.S. military.
Israel may be feeling emboldened to really pressure Iran right now: it has just killed Hamas’s leader Yahya Sinwar and has severely degraded Hezbollah’s capabilities. This has, by extension, weakened Iran, which funded and relied on militias like Hezbollah and Hamas to confront Israel. Israel’s tactical successes have only intensified its campaigns in Gaza and Lebanon, despite some urging from the U.S. that now is the time for a ceasefire. If Israel feels like it’s on a roll, it might not pass up an opportunity to go after Iran. That may force Iran, in turn, to raise the costs for Israel.
“In the second round, there’s far less confidence that the Israelis will not strike nuclear facilities or oil installations,” said Trita Parsi, executive vice president of the Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft. “The fact is that we’re in an escalatory cycle – and the first step is far less relevant than what the last step is.”
This escalatory ladder may also push Iran to reconsider its own nuclear position – that is, go all-in on nukes. After Israel’s counter-strike against an Iranian military facility in April, Iran publicly threatened a change in its nuclear stance if its atomic facilities were targeted. Iran has greatly advanced its nuclear program, wildly in breach of the limits set by the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), otherwise known as the Iran nuclear deal, which Donald Trump pulled out of in 2018. Iran says its program is just for civilian purposes, often citing a fatwa from the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei that forbids weapons of mass destruction. The U.S. and its allies have challenged that idea – asserting that its uranium enrichment levels are far beyond the needs of such a program.
At this point though, U.S. intelligence still says that Iran has not decided to build a nuclear weapon. “We do not see evidence today that the Supreme Leader has reversed the decision that he took at the end of 2003 to suspend the weaponization program,” CIA Director Bill Burns said in October.